Rotary encoder(s) on a single MCU pin

Here is a trick that allows you to connect one or more rotary encoders to a microcontroller while using only one (1) analog input.

Here is a trick that allows you to connect one or more rotary encoders to a microcontroller while using only one (1) analog input of the microcontroller.

Usually a rotary encoder requires two microcontroller inputs, and three if it has a built-in pushbutton. Connecting two of these encoders would need six inputs, three need nine, and so on. However, when the microcontroller has an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) peripheral and an analog input pin to spare, then that is all you need. Sounds incredible, right? Yet it is very easy to do. Here is how.

Let us start by examining a rotary encoder without built-in switch.

Determining the spinning direction

Spinning a properly wired rotary encoder produces a series of pulses on its A & B pins. To determine the spinning direction from these two signals all that is needed is to delay one of them by one step and then EXOR the two together.

Example

Suppose 'A' = '00110011...' and 'B' = '01100110...', then delay signal 'A', say, by one step to get '01100110...'. EXOR-ing the delayed 'A' with 'B' gives '00000000...'. When it is spinning in the other direction, then 'A' = '11001100...' ('B' unchanged), and 'A' delayed by one step is '10011001...'. EXOR-ing the delayed 'A' with 'B' now gives '11111111...'.

rotary encoder timing — Spinning clockwise the rotary encoder generates the sequence is 0-1-3-2, anticlockwise it is 0-2-3-1.

Make it analog

Looking at the signals 'A' and 'B' together as a parallel bus allows us to consider them as a 2-bit binary value that can take on four values: 0b00, 0b01, 0b10 and 0b11 (Grey code). Multi-bit binary values can be converted to a single analog voltage using a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). That is what we will do here.

R-2R resistor network

A common, simple DAC can be built with a so-called R-2R resistor network. Such a network consists of a bunch of resistors with only two values: R and 2R. For each bit two resistors are needed, every extra bit adds two resistors. A 2-pin rotary encoder therefore needs four resistors.

2-bit rotary encoder — Four resistors make up a 2-bit R-2R DA converter.
Pull-up resistors are required too, otherwise there is no voltage to convert.

Such a circuit produces an analog voltage that takes on four values. The signal can be sampled with an AD converter and then decoded to recover the signals 'A' and 'B'. These can then be processed further in the same way as for a "normal" rotary encoder.

two rotary encoders with pushbuttons and debounce — Practical design of the described method to connect two rotary encoders with built-in pushbuttons to a single MCU analog input pin.
Capacitors C1 to C6 provide contact debouncing.

A practical implementation

Two rotary encoders with integrated pushbuttons require a 6-bit DA converter. A microcontroller with a built-in 10-bit AD converter can easily decode the composite signal as it will have a 4-bit margin per bit, allowing the use of 5% resistors (1% would be better of course). Suitable microcontrollers are abundant, for instance the ATmega328 as found on an Arduino Uno board.

In a real-life implementation the value of R in the R-2R network must be much larger than the pull-up resistors to avoid the latter from influencing the R-2R ratio too much. At the same time, the pull-ups must not be too small, otherwise the current flowing through the switch contacts would be too high.

2R resistors are simply two R resistors in series.

Capacitors are needed to debounce the mechanical contacts to avoid that might otherwise cause interference between the two encoders.